Animal experiment:

Mice[1]The ovalbumin mouse asthma model and the collageninduced arthritis model are conducted. Toreforant is dosed orally in 20% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. In the collagen-induced arthritis model Toreforant is given orally twice a day starting with the first signs of disease onset around Day 30 and continued for 14 days. CD-1 mice (5 per group) are dosed with vehicle (20% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin), Toreforant or JNJ 28307474, as a positive control, at 50 mg/kg orally, 60 mins prior to the intra-dermal injection of histamine. Bouts of scratching are recorded over a 20 minute period. In a subsequent experiment mice are orally dosed with Toreforant (100 mg/kg) at 24, 8, 4 and 1 h prior to intra-dermal injection of histamine and similarly monitored. The area at the back of the neck of mice is shaved 24 hours prior to an intra-dermal injection of 20 μL of 100 μg compound 48/80. Both knockout and wild-type mice (five mice per group) are dosed with vehicle, Toreforant (50 mg/kg) or JNJ 28307474 (50 mg/kg), orally, 60 mins prior to the intradermal injection. Bouts of scratching are recorded over a 20 minute period. Terminal (t=80 min) plasma and brain samples are analyzed for drug concentration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are deeply anesthetized with isoflurane/oxygen inhalational anesthesia [1].

Toreforant is a potent and selective histamine H4 receptor (H4R) antagonist, with a Ki at the human receptor of 8.4 nM.

In human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Toreforant inhibits the histamine-induced shape change of human eosinophils and produces a rightward shift in the histamine dose response curves indicating that it is acting as an antagonist of the human H4R in these primary cells. This is not an equilibrium measurement and therefore the calculation of a pA2 is complicated. The pA2 can be estimated using the shift seen the lowest concentration of antagonist. This yields a pA2 of around 7.5 consistent with the results in the transfected system. This assay can also be performed in whole blood and, as for the purified cells, Toreforant is able to inhibit the actions of histamine. The IC50 values are 296 nM and 780 nM when 100 nM and 300 nM histamine are used, respectively[1].

The animals treated with 100 mg/kg toreforant have reduced disease severity scores. The reduction in scores is similar to JNJ 28307474. A model of histamine-induced scratching in CD-1 mice (n=5 per group) is used to judge the anti-pruritic effects of Toreforant. Unlike other H4R antagonists, Toreforant is not efficacious in reducing histamine-mediated pruritus. After oral administration to rats, Toreforant-derived radioactivity is widely distributed into tissues; however, it is not quantifiable in cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla, and spinal cord in either Long Evans or Sprague Dawley rats, suggesting that drug-derived radioactivity does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Neuropathic pain models in rats are conducted with Toreforant and an H4R antagonist that does cross the blood-brain barrier, JNJ 39758979. In a rat spinal nerve ligation model JNJ 39758979 was able to significantly attenuate the mechanical allodynia induced in the model, however Toreforant has no activity[1].

[1]. Robin L Thurmond, Pharmacology and Clinical Activity of Toreforant, a Histamine H4 Receptor Antagonist. Annals of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics. 21 Jan, 2017.