Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) 是 penicillin 的代谢降解产物，可作为重金属螯合剂使用。Penicillamine 增加游离铜，增强氧化应激。Penicillamine 通过 NO/NMDA 途径对癫痫发作起作用。Penicillamine 是一种潜在的免疫调节剂。青霉胺可用于威尔逊氏病、类风湿关节炎和半胱氨酸尿症的研究。
| 生物活性 | Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) is a penicillin metabolic degradation product, can be used as a heavy metal chelator. Penicillamine increases free copper and enhances oxidative stress. Penicillamine has effect of seizures through nitric oxide/NMDA pathways. Penicillamine is a potential immune modulator. Penicillamine can be used for the research of Wilson disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cystinuria[1][2][3][4]. |
体外研究
(In Vitro) | Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) (5 mg; 7 d; CD4+and CD+splenocytes) promotes cellular immune responses[3].
Western Blot Analysis[3] | Cell Line: | CD4+and CD+splenocytes | | Concentration: | 5 mg | | Incubation Time: | 7 days | | Result: | Increased IL-4 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in response to high dose treatment and remained high in both CD4+and CD+splenocytes. |
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体内研究
(In Vivo) | Penicillamine (D-(-)-Penicillamine) (200 mg/kg; i.g.; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 d; tx mice and DL mice) increases serum free copper concentration[1].
Penicillamine (200 mg/kg; i.g.; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 d; tx mice and DL mice) increases ATP7A and CTR1 mRNA expression in the brain of tx mice[1].
Penicillamine (200 mg/kg; i.g.; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 d; tx mice and DL mice) induces oxidative-stress in the central nervous system[1].
Penicillamine (0.1-250 mg/kg; i.p.; once, for 90 min; male NMRI mice) has binaural phase effect on seizure[2].
Penicillamine (5 mg/kg; i.v.; daily, for 8 weeks; male BN rats) prevents the onset of autoimmunity at a low dose[3].
| Animal Model: | Toxic milk mutant mice (tx mice) and DL mice[1] | | Dosage: | 200 mg/kg | | Administration: | Oral gavage; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 days | | Result: | Increased the free copper concentrations in the tx mice serum on the 3rd day. |
| Animal Model: | Toxic milk mutant mice (tx mice) and DL mice[1] | | Dosage: | 200 mg/kg | | Administration: | Oral gavage; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 days | | Result: | Increased the mRNA expression of ATP7A by 4-fold. Increased CTR1 mRNA expression by 6.9-fold in the cortex and 9.1-fold in the basal ganglia of tx mice. |
| Animal Model: | Toxic milk mutant mice (tx mice) and DL mice[1] | | Dosage: | 200 mg/kg | | Administration: | Oral gavage; daily, for 3, 10 and 14 days | | Result: | Increased the concentration of MDA and decreased GSH/GSSG ratios through nitric oxide/NMDA pathways. |
| Animal Model: | Male NMRI mice[2] | | Dosage: | 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 100, 150 and 250 mg/kg | | Administration: | Intraperitoneal injection; once, for 90 minutes | | Result: | Had anticonvulsant effects at a low dose (0.5 mg/kg) and had anticonvulsant effects at a high dose (250 mg/kg). Reversed the anti- and proconvulsant effects by acute pretreatment of L-NAME (a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and 7-NI (a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). |
| Animal Model: | Male BN rats[3] | | Dosage: | 5 mg/kg | | Administration: | Intravenous injection; daily, for 8 weeks | | Result: | Inhibited IgE upregulation and prevented the onset of autoimmunity. |
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| 结构分类 | - Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
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| 运输条件 | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
| 储存方式 | | Powder | -20°C | 3 years | | 4°C | 2 years | | In solvent | -80°C | 6 months | | -20°C | 1 month |
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| 溶解性数据 | In Vitro: H2O : 125 mg/mL(837.75 mM;ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60℃) DMSO : 1.43 mg/mL(9.58 mM;Need ultrasonic) 配制储备液 | 1 mM | 6.7020 mL | 33.5098 mL | 67.0196 mL | | 5 mM | 1.3404 mL | 6.7020 mL | 13.4039 mL | | 10 mM | 0.6702 mL | 3.3510 mL | 6.7020 mL |
*请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。
储备液的保存方式和期限：-80℃, 6 months; -20℃, 1 month。-80℃ 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20℃ 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。 In Vivo: 请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照In Vitro方式配制澄清的储备液，再依次添加助溶剂： ——为保证实验结果的可靠性，澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件，适当保存；体内实验的工作液，建议您现用现配，当天使用；
以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比；如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象，可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶 1. 请依序添加每种溶剂： PBS Solubility: 100 mg/mL (670.20 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
*以上所有助溶剂都可在本网站选购。 |
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