Handelin is a guaianolide dimer from Chrysanthemum boreale that has potent anti-inflammatory activity by down-regulating NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production[1].

Handelin (Compound 1; 10-40 μM; RAW 264.7 cells) treatment suppresses the LPS-induced (1 μg/mL) overexpression of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Handelin also suppresseS the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Handelin also suppresses the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, including ERK and JNK signaling[1].Handelin (Compound 1; 10-40 μM; RAW 264.7 cells) treatment significantly reduces the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels in LPS- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The transcriptional activity of NF-κB stimulated with LPS is also suppressed by Handelin. In addition, the LPS-stimulated upregulation of miRNA-155 expression is suppressed by Handelin[1]. RT-PCR[1] Cell Line: RAW 264.7 cells

Handelin (Compound 1; 10-20 mg/kg; oral administration; for 30 mintues; male Sprague-Dawley rats) treatment inhibits acute inflammation in carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The serum level of IL-1β is also inhibited by Handelin in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model [1]. Animal Model: Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (150-170 g, 5 weeks old) injected with carrageenan[1]

[1]. Y Pyee, et al. Suppression of inflammatory responses by handelin, a guaianolide dimer from Chrysanthemum boreale, via downregulation of NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. J Nat Prod. 2014 Apr 25;77(4):917-24.