Cell experiment:

Cells are exposed to different concentrations of AGK2 in 1 mL of 0.3% basal medium agar containing 10% FBS. The cultures are maintained at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator for 10-15 days, and the cell colonies are scored using an inverted microscope[2].

Animal experiment:

Mice are intraperitoneally given either AGK2 (82 mg/kg) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO alone, and 2 h later subjects to CLP. Survival is monitored for 240 hours. AGK2-treating mice are grouped into (i) DMSO vehicle, and (ii) AGK2, with sham mice (operating but without any treatment) serving as controls. Peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood are examined at 24 and 48 hours for cytokine production[4].

AGK 2 is a potent and selective inhibitor of sirtuin 2 with IC50 value of 3.5 μM [1].

Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a NAD-dependent deacetylase and is involved in cell cycle regulation through α-tubulin deacetylation. SIRT2 plays an important role in neuroprotective effects and the pathogenesis and development of cancer [1] [2] [3].

AGK 2 is a potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitor. AGK 2 inhibited SIRT2 with IC50 value of 3.5 μM and slightly inhibited SIRT1 and 3 at concentrations over 40 μM. AGK 2 increased acetylation of tubulin heterodimers from bovine brain. In HeLa cells expressing SIRT2-myc, AGK2 effectively inhibited SIRT2-myc activity. AGK2 also dose-dependently increased acetylated tubulin. In H4 cells transfected with α-Syn, AGK2 dose-dependently reduced α-Syn-mediated toxicity. In primary midbrain cultures transduced with lentivirus encoding α-SynA53T, AGK2 rescued dorsomedial neurons in a dose-dependent way [1]. In primary rat astrocytes, AGK-2 (35 μM) significantly inhibited astrocyte viability and proliferation and also inhibited astrocyte activation induced by beta amyloid 1-42 (Aβ 1-42). Also, AGK2 significantly inhibited the increase of iNOS and COX-2 induced by Aβ 1-42 [2]. In glioblastoma multiforme cancer stem cells (GBM CSCs), AGK-2 exhibited good antiproliferative activity [3].

References:
[1].  Outeiro TF, Kontopoulos E, Altmann SM, et al. Sirtuin 2 inhibitors rescue alpha-synuclein-mediated toxicity in models of Parkinson's disease. Science, 2007, 317(5837): 516-519.
[2].  Scuderi C, Stecca C, Bronzuoli MR, et al. Sirtuin modulators control reactive gliosis in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol, 2014, 5: 89.
[3].  Rotili D, Tarantino D, Nebbioso A, et al. Discovery of salermide-related sirtuin inhibitors: binding mode studies and antiproliferative effects in cancer cells including cancer stem cells. J Med Chem, 2012, 55(24): 10937-10947.