Molecular Weight (MW)

448.52

Formula

C21H16N6O2S2

CAS No.

956958-53-5

Storage

-20℃ for 3 years in powder form

-80℃ for 2 years in solvent

Solubility (In vitro)

DMSO: 3 mg/mL (6.68 mM)

Water:<1 mg/mL (slightly soluble or insoluble)

Ethanol: <1 mg/mL

Solubility (In vivo)

30% PEG400+0.5% Tween80+5% Propylene glycol: 15 mg/mL

Synonym & Chemical Name

XL147 analog; XL-147 analog; XL 147 analog; SAR245408 analog; SAR-245408 analog; SAR-245408 analog; N-[3-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-ylamino)quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide

In Vitro

Kinase Assay: Pilaralisib analog, also known as XL147 analogue, is a Class 1 PI3K kinase family inhibitor, and is a n orally bioavailable small molecule, targeting the class I phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) family of lipid kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Class 1 PI3K kinase family inhibitor XL147 reversibly binds to class 1 PI3Ks in an ATP-competitive manner, inhibiting the production of the secondary messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) and activation of the PI3K signaling pathway; this may result in inhibition of tumor cell growth and survival in susceptible tumor cell populations. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway is frequently associated with tumorigenesis.

Cell Assay: Cells (BT474, HCC1937 et al) are seeded in 100-mm dishes in media containing 2.5% FBS with or without XL147. After 3 days, detached and adherent cells are pooled, fixed, and labeled with propidium iodide by using the APO-BrdU kit. Labeled cells are analyzed using the Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur system.

XL147 inhibits class I PI3K isoforms in an ATP-competitive manner. In a panel of HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cell lines, treatment with XL147 abrogates AKT and S6 phosphorylation but also induces the expression and phosphorylation of HER3 and other RTKs. In HER2+ cells, phosphorylation of HER3 is maintained by the HER2 tyrosine kinase, leading to partial recovery of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and thereby limiting the antitumor action of XL 147. In addition, knockdown of HER3 or treatment with the anti-HER2 agents trastuzumab or lapatinib sensitizes HER2+ breast cancer cells to XL147 in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with XL147 inhibits the monolayer growth of all tested cell lines, including BT474, HCC1937 et al. in a dose-dependent manner. The main effect of XL147 is inhibition of cell proliferation. XL147 induces cell death at the concentration of 20 μM. Treatment with XL147 leads to dose-dependent inhibition of PI3K. Consistent with the inhibition of cell proliferation, XL147 induces a reduction in cyclin D1 and pRB and an increase in levels of the CDK inhibitor p27KIPI but no detectable change in levels off total or cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Treatment with XL147 leads to a dose-dependent reduction in pAKTS473/T308 and pS6S240/244. Surprisingly, XL147 also triggers up-regulation of total HER3 and/or pHER3Y1289 levels. In HER2-overexpressing cells, inhibition of PI3K is followed by up-regulation of expression and phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including HER3. Knockdown of FoxO1 and FoxO3a transcription factors prevents the induction of HER3, InsR, IGF1R, and FGFR2 mRNAs upon inhibition of PI3K. In HER2+ cells, knockdown of HER3 with siRNA or cotreatment with the HER2 inhibitors trastuzumab or lapatinib enhances XL147-induced cell death and inhibition of pAKT and pS6.

In Vivo

Athymic mice with BT474 xenografts are randomly treated with XL147, lapatinib, trastuzumab, or XL147 plus each HER2 antagonist. Each monotherapy significantly inhibtis tumor growth with trastuzumab being the only agent that induced a complete tumor regression in one of eight mice. Both combinations are superior to the respective drugs given alone. Notably, the combination of trastuzumab and XL147, but not lapatinib and XL147, induces a complete tumor response in three of eight mice. There is no marked drug-related toxicity in any of the treatment arms. The combination of XL147 plus trastuzumab prevents pHER3 more potently than any of the other treatments. In good agreement with differences in tumor growth among treatment arms, nuclear pAKT is lower in tumors treated with XL147 plus lapatinib or XL147 plus trastuzumab compared with tumors treated with single agents. Of all three single drugs, XL147 is the only one shown statistically to repress nuclear pAKT levels. There are no detectable changes in cytoplasmic pAKT levels. Combined inhibition of HER2 and PI3K in HER2-dependent xenografts is required to maximally inhibit signaling output of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Animal model

Athymic female mouse bearing BT474 cells

Formulation & Dosage

Solubilized in 10 mM HCl, in sterile water for injection; 100 mg/kg; Orogastric gavage

References

[1] Chakrabarty A, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 1-6.

Chakrabarty A, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011, 1-6.