Kinase experiment:

Briefly, 24 to 48 h after transfection, cells are washed 3× in ice-cold PBS and lysed for 20 min on ice in cell lysis buffer (CLB: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1% TritonX-100, 1 μg/mL leupeptin, aprotinin, pepstatin, PMSF). Lysates are subject to ultracentrifugation at 100,000 g for 30 min. Cleared lysates are incubated for 1 h at 4℃ with anti-GFP antibody (3E6) and pre-bound protein A magnetic beads. Beads are then washed 1 × 5 min in CLB, followed by 3 × 10 min washes in CLB containing 1 M NaCl, and 1 × 5 min wash in PARP reaction buffer (PRB; 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1% TritonX-100, 1 μg/mL leupeptin, aprotinin, pepstatin). NAD+ incorporation reactions are performed in PRB containing 10 μM NAD+ supplemented with 32P-NAD+ at 1:20 ratio for 30 min at 25℃. For PARPs with low incorporation signals (PARP4, 5a and 16), NAD+ incorporation is performed at 1:5 ratio for 1 h at 25℃. Beads are then re-suspended in Laemmli sample buffer, heated to 65℃ for 10 min, the beads removed using a magnet, and the supernatant spotted onto Whatman paper. Samples are analyzed via phosphorimaging[1].

Cell experiment:

Proliferation assays are performed in a panel of 32 isogenic DT40 cell lines, in which each line is deficient in a distinct DNA repair gene. Cells are seeded and incubated with test compound at various concentrations for 2-3 days (~ 8 cell cycles). Cell growth is assessed using XTT and IC50 values are calculated using the GraphPad Prism 5 software version 5.02. Each experiment is conducted in duplicate and a minimum of 3 separate experiments are performed. Human breast cancer cell lines, HCC1143, HCC70, HCC1806, MDA-MB-436, T47D, MDA-MB-157, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-453, BT-20 and Hs578T are used. For cell line panel assays, cells are maintained and assayed in RPMI 1640 or DMEM medium containing 10% FBS. For proliferation assays cells are plated at low density in 96 well plates. E7449 is added at various concentrations and plates incubated for a total of 8 days; compound and medium are replenished on day 4. Cell growth is assessed using the CellTiter-Glo cell viability assay. Each experiment is conducted in duplicate and a minimum of 3 separate experiments are performed[1].

Animal experiment:

Temozolomide (TMZ) combination in B16-F10 isograft model: female C57BL/6 mice are inoculated subcutaneously with B16-F10 cells (2 × 105). Following randomization by body weight, drug treatment is initiated 1 day post-inoculation. Both E7449 and TMZ are formulated in 0.5% methyl cellulose and orally administrated once per day. TMZ is administered daily on days 1 to 5 at 50 mg/kg as a single agent or in combination. E7449 is administered daily on days 1 to 7 at doses of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in combination with TMZ and at a dose of 100 mg/kg as a single agent. The control group is treated with vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose in water). E7449 or vehicle is administered first and when dosing of all animals is complete TMZ is administered to animals receiving the combination[1].

E7449 is an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and PARP2 (IC50s = 1 and 1.2 nM, respectively) as well as tankyrase (TNKS) 1/2 (IC50s = 50-100 nM). It is selective for PARP1, PARP2, and TNKS1/2 over PARP 3 and PARP6-15 (IC50s = >3 μM). E7449 binds to chromatin in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibits growth of DT40 cells in a PARP-dependent manner (IC50s = 3.2 and >15 μM for wild-type and PARP-/- cells, respectively). It also decreases expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins axin2, total and active β-catenin, and cyclin D1 in SW480 cells. In vivo, E7449 enhances tumor growth inhibition induced by temozolomide in a B16/F10 isograft model as well as antitumor activity of the DNA-crosslinking agent carboplatin in an MX-1 mouse xenograft model. E7449 (30 and 100 mg/kg per day) inhibits tumor growth in a BRCA1 mutant MDA-MB-436 breast cancer mouse xenograft model and induces complete inhibition of tumor cell PARP activity in an NCI-H460 lung cancer mouse xenograft model when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg. It also delays hair regrowth, a TNKS-dependent process, in mice following hair removal.