Cell experiment:

HUVECs are cultured in complete EGM-2 (CC-3156 and CC-4176). HUVEC are assayed 3 days after siRNA transfection. CHO cells are cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1 mM Glutamate, and Penicillin/Streptomycin and transfected using Lipofectamine LTX. HUVEC sprouting assays are performed. For siRNA treatment, HUVECs are transfected 1 day before coating to beads. For chemical inhibitor (e.g., GNE-220, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 nM) treatment, is added to media after fibrin is clotted. For immunofluorescence staining, beads are seeded in thin 100 μL fibrin clots. For scratch wound healing assay, HUVEC are transfected 2 days before re-seeding into a glass-bottom 96-wells plate[1].

GNE 220 (Hydrochloride) is a potent and selective inhibitor of MAP4K4, with an IC50 of 7 nM.

GNE-220 also inhibits a few other kinases with IC50s of 9 nM, 476 nM and 1.1 μM for MINK (MAP4K6), DMPK and KHS1 (MAP4K5), respectively. GNE-220 alters human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) sprout morphology. GNE-220 also reduces pERM+ retraction fibres in a dose-dependent manner. GNE-220 also dose-dependently increased the number of active-INTβ1+ long focal adhesions (FAs)[1].

[1]. Vitorino P, et al. MAP4K4 regulates integrin-FERM binding to control endothelial cell motility. Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):425-30.