In Vitro

Kinase Assay: FKBP12 binding assay: Binding to the FK 506 binding protein (FKBP12) is indirectly assessed by means of an ELISA-type competition assay. FK 506 is included in each individual experiment as a standard, and the inhibitory activity is expressed as relative IC50 compared to FK 506 (rIC50 = IC50 Everolimus/IC50 FK 506). Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR): The immunosuppressive activities of RAP and its derivatives are assessed in a two-way MLR, using spleen cells of BALB/c and CBA mice. RAP is included in each individual experiment as a standard, and the inhibitory activity is expressed as relative IC50 compared to RAP (rIC50 = IC50 Everolimus/IC50 RAP).

Cell Assay: The 3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction assay (MTT assay) is used to compare the effects of Everolimus or trastuzumab on total breast cancer cells and breast CSCs. The total cells and the stem cells from the BT474 cell line and the primary breast cancer cells are respectively seeded into 96-well plates with different concentrations of the drugs, with five wells for each concentration, and the cells are cultured at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 in an incubator for 24 hours. The concentrations of Everolimus are 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM and 10 μM, and the concentrations of trastuzumab are 0.5 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL. The combinatorial inhibitory effect of Everolimus and Trastuzumab on the in vitro growth of breast CSCs is examined by MTT assay as well using 10 μg/mL trastuzumab in combination of increasing concentrations of everolimus (1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 μM). After drug treatment for 24 hours, 20 μL MTT [5 mg/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)] is added to each well, and the cells are incubated at 37 °C with 5 % CO2 and saturated humidity for 4 hours. Following the subsequent removal of the supernatant, 150 μL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added to each well, and the cells are vortexed for 10 minutes. The light absorbance (OD value) is measured for each well using an ELISA reader. Each experiment is repeated in triplicate, and dose–response curves are plotted. The probit software of the statistical software package SPSS 17.0 for Windows is used to calculate the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Everolimus. Cell lines: BT474 cell line and the primary breast cancer cells.

Everolimus exhibits the immunosuppressive activity which is comparable to that of rapamycin. Everolimus competes with immobilized FK 506 for binding to biotinylated FKBP12 and shows the inhibitory effect on a two-way MLR performed with spleen cells from BALB/c and CBA mice with IC50 of 0.12-1.8 nM. Everolimus also shows antiangiogenic/vascular effects in VEGF-induced HUVEC proliferation with IC50 of 0.12 nM and bFGF-induced HUVEC proliferation with IC50 of 0.8 nM, respectively. A recent study shows that Everolimus shows a dose-dependent inhibitory effects on both the total cells and the stem cells from the BT474 cell line and the primary breast cancer cells with IC50 of 156 nM in total cells of primary breast cancer cells and 71 nM in total cells of BT474 cells. In addition, combination treatment with Everolimus and trastuzumab produces the significantly increased inhibition on the growth of cancer stem cells with the inhibition rate increased by more than 50%.

In Vivo

Everolimus (0.1 to 10 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibits growth of the primary (ear) and lymph node metastases of B16/BL6 melanoma, with decreased total number of vessels and reduced mature vessels. In a xenograft animal model of BT474 stem cells, Everolimus shows significant reductions in mean tumor sizes (590.6 mm3), compared to the control group with a tumor size of 698 mm3. Furthermore, combination treatment with Everolimus and trastuzumab significantly decreases the xenograft tumor size (410.8 mm3) more than Everolimus treatment alone.

Animal model

Cultured BT474 stem cells are injected beneath the left breast pad of BALB/c nude mice.

Formulation & Dosage

Dissolved in saline; 2mg/kg; Oral administration

References

Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 1;15(5):1612-22. Tumour Biol. 2012 Oct;33(5):1349-62.