Cell experiment:

Ficoll-purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (5 μg/mL) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) (50 U/mL) for 3 to 7 days. The cells are resuspended at 4 × 106/mL in complete medium (RPMI, 10% fetal bovine serum [FBS], 50 U/mL IL-2), seeded into 96-well plates (2 × 105/well), incubated with an equal volume of culture medium containing compound (Vicriviroc) for 1 h at 37℃, and infected in triplicate with 25 to 100 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) per well of viral inoculum for 3 to 4 h. Cells are washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to remove residual virus and are cultured with compound for 4 to 6 days. HIV-1 replication is quantified by measurement of extracellular p24 antigen in the supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) and EC90s for each virus are determined using Graphpad PRISM software[2].

Vicriviroc maleate (SCH-417690 maleate; SCH-D maleate) is a potent, selective, oral bioavailable and CNS penetrated antagonist of CCR5, with a Ki of 2.5 nM, and also inhibits HIV-1 in PBMC cells, with IC90s of 3.3 nM (JrFL), 2.8 nM (ADA-M), 1.8 nM (301657), 4.9 nM (JV1083) and 10 nM (RU 570).

Vicriviroc maleate (SCH-417690 maleate; SCH-D maleate) is a potent, selective and oral bioavailable inhibitor of CCR5, with a Ki of 2.5 nM, and also inhibits HIV-1 in PBMC cells, with IC90s of 3.3 (JrFL), 2.8 (ADA-M), 1.8 (301657), 4.9 (JV1083) and 10 nM (RU 570). In addition, Vicriviroc maleate shows a mean IC50 and IC90 of 0.45 nM and 4 nM for a panel of HIV isolates, and has weak activity against hERG activity (IC50, 5.8 μM)[1]. Vicriviroc maleate inhibits chemotactic response to MIP-1α with IC50 values below 1 nM, and suppresses RANTES-induced signaling with a mean IC50 of 4.2 ± 1.3 nM. Vicriviroc maleate potently suppresses all the viral isolates tested, with geometric mean EC50s of 0.04-2.3 nM and IC90s of 0.45-18 nM[2].

Vicriviroc maleate (SCH-417690 maleate; SCH-D maleate; 10 mg/kg) has good oral availablity in rats and monkeys, with no acute CNS or GI effects in rats[1].

References:
[1]. Tagat JR, et al. Piperazine-based CCR5 antagonists as HIV-1 inhibitors. IV. Discovery of 1-[(4,6-dimethyl-5-pyrimidinyl)carbonyl]- 4-[4-[2-methoxy-1(R)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl-3(S)-methyl-1-piperazinyl]- 4-methylpiperidine (Sch-417690/Sch-D), a potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable CCR5 antagonist. J Med Chem. 2004 May 6;47(10):2405-8.
[2]. Strizki JM, et al. Discovery and characterization of vicriviroc (SCH 417690), a CCR5 antagonist with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Dec;49(12):4911-9.