Gangliotetraose (Gg4) 是一种四糖，主要成分包括 GM1 及其唾液酸化衍生物。GM1促进分化神经元的核 Ca2+外流，降低分化神经元的核 Ca2+水平。GM1 影响神经元的可塑性和修复机制，以及大脑中神经营养素的释放。
| 生物活性 | Gangliotetraose (Gg4) is a tetrasccharide, exhibits major components including GM1 and its sialylated derivatives. GM1 facilitates efflux of nuclear Ca2+and reduces the level of nuclear Ca2+that characterizes the differentiated neuron. GM1 affects neuronal plasticity and repair mechanisms, as well as neurotrophin release in the brain[1][2]. |
| IC50& Target | Akt, ERK1/2[3]; amyloid β-protein[4] |
体外研究
(In Vitro) | Gangliotetraose (GM1) (10 μM; 1 h) increases the viability of pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide (1 mM; 2 h) and diminishes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative inactivation of Na+, K+-ATPase[3].
Gangliotetraose (GM1) (100 nM and 10 μM; ) increases the basal activity of Akt and ERK1/2, without changing Akt activity in PC12 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide[3].
Gangliotetraose (GM1) (50 μM; 24 h) binds the midportion of Aβ to produce Aβ oligomers, GM1 bound Aβ (GAβ). GAβ is endogenously generated in the brain and accelerates Aβ assembly by acting as a seed[4].
Cell Viability Assay[3] | Cell Line: | Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells | | Concentration: | 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM | | Incubation Time: | 1 hour (preincubation); started 24 h after the transfer of the cells to the plates; exposed to 1 mM H2O2for 2 h later | | Result: | Showed protective effect (rescue rates, %) on PC12 cells exposed to H2O2in a dose-dependent manner.
The rescue rates ranged from 2.7% to 76% with concentration of 1 nM-50 μM. |
|
体内研究
(In Vivo) | Gangliotetraose (GM1) (30 mg/kg; i.p.; 5, 11, 42, and 73 d) stimulates the regeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of rats after unilateral hemitransection[5].
| Animal Model: | Unilateral semi-transection model in Sprague-Dawley rats (170-190 g)[5] | | Dosage: | 5 mg/kg; 30 mg/kg | | Administration: | Intraperitoneal injection; 5, 11, 42, 73 days; started on day 2 after surgery and finished 24 h before sacrifice | | Result: | Increased the Vmaxof tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the lesioned side starting on day 14 dose-dependently with 73% (5 mg/kg/d) and 85% (30 mg/kg/d) of that of the unlesioned side, respectively. |
|
| 分子量 | |
| Formula | |
| CAS 号 | |
| 结构分类 | - Saccharides
- Polysaccharides
|
| 来源 | |
| 运输条件 | Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere. |
| 储存方式 | Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis. |
m.cnreagent.com